خلفه و به فسر قوله تعالى هُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ اللَّيْلَ وَ النَّهارَ خِلْفَةً ١أو تفاوتهما في النور و الظلمة أو في الزيادة و النقصان و دخول أحدهما في الآخر أو في الطول و القصر بحسب العروض أو اختلاف كل ساعة من ساعاتهما بالنظر إلى الأمكنة المختلفة فأية ساعة فرضت فهي صبح لموضع و ظهر لآخر و هكذا و الفلك يجي ء مفردا و جمعا و هو السفينة و ما في قوله تعالى بِما يَنْفَعُ النَّاسَ إما مصدرية أي بنفعهم أو موصولة أي بالذي ينفعهم من المحمولات و المجلوبات و ما أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ مِنَ السَّماءِ مِنْ ماءٍ من الأولى للابتداء و الثانية للبيان و السماء يحتمل الفلك و السحاب و جهة العلو و إحياء الأرض بالنباتات و الأزهار و الثمرات و بث فيها عطف على أنزل أو على أحيا فإن الدواب ينمون بالخصب و يعيشون بالمطر و البث النشر و التفريق و المراد بتصريف الرياح إما تصريفها في مهابها قبولا و دبورا و جنوبا و شمالا أو في أحوالها حارة و باردة و عاصفة و لينة و عقيمة و لواقح أو جعلها تارة للرحمة و تارة للعذاب و السحاب المسخر أي لا ينزل و لا يتقشع مع أن الطبع يقتضي أحدهما حتى يأتي أمر اللّٰه و قيل مسخر للرياح تقلبه في الجو بمشية اللّٰه تعالى و في الآية دلالة على لزوم النظر في خواص مصنوعاته تعالى و الاستدلال بها على وجوده و وحدته و علمه و قدرته و حكمته و سائر صفاته و على جواز ركوب البحر و التجارات و المسافرات لجلب الأقوات و الأمتعة.

behind it. And by that His words, exalted be He, are explained: "He it is who made the night and the day a succession" (1). Or their differing in light and in darkness; or in increase and decrease and the entering of one into the other; or in length and shortness according to latitude; or the difference of each hour of their hours with respect to different places — so whatever hour is supposed, it is morning for one place and noon for another, and so on. And al-fulk comes as singular and as plural, and it is the ship. And ma in His words, exalted be He, "with what profits men", is either verbal-noun-forming — that is, with their profiting — or relative — that is, with that which profits them of things carried and things brought. And "the water God sends down from heaven": the first min is for beginning and the second is explicative; and "heaven" admits of the celestial sphere, the cloud, and the direction of height. And the reviving of the earth is by plants, blossoms and fruits. And "and scatters abroad in it" is conjoined to "sends down" or to "revives"; for beasts grow by fertility and live by rain. And al-bath is spreading and dispersing. And what is meant by the turning about of the winds is either their turning about in the quarters from which they blow — east, west, south and north; or in their states — hot and cold, stormy and gentle, barren and fertilizing; or His making them at one time for mercy and at another for punishment. And "the clouds compelled" — that is, they neither descend nor disperse, though nature requires one of the two, until God's command comes. And it is said: compelled to the winds, which turn it about in the air by the will of God the Exalted. And in the verse is an indication of the necessity of looking into the properties of the things He has made, exalted be He, and of inferring from them His existence, His oneness, His knowledge, His power, His wisdom and the rest of His attributes; and of the permissibility of taking to the sea, of trade and of journeys, for the fetching of foodstuffs and goods.

يَا هِشَامُ قَدْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ جَلَّ وَ عَزَّ دَلِيلًا عَلَى مَعْرِفَتِهِ بِأَنَّ لَهُمْ مُدَبِّراً فَقَالَ وَ سَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَ النَّهارَ وَ الشَّمْسَ وَ الْقَمَرَ وَ النُّجُومُ مُسَخَّراتٌ بِأَمْرِهِ إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ ٢وَ قَالَ حم وَ الْكِتابِ الْمُبِينِ إِنَّا جَعَلْناهُ قُرْآناً عَرَبِيًّا لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ ٣وَ قَالَ وَ مِنْ آياتِهِ يُرِيكُمُ الْبَرْقَ خَوْفاً وَ طَمَعاً وَ يُنَزِّلُ مِنَ السَّماءِ ماءً فَيُحْيِي بِهِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِها إِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ لَآياتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ ٤.

Hisham, God, majestic and mighty, has made an indication to the knowledge of Him — that they have a Governor. So He said: "And He has made subject to you the night and the day, and the sun and the moon; and the stars are made subject by His command. Surely in that are signs for a people who understand" (2). And He said: "Ha Mim. By the Book that makes clear — We have made it an Arabic Qur'an, that perhaps you may understand" (3). And He said: "And among His signs is that He shows you the lightning, for fear and for hope, and sends down water from heaven and revives with it the earth after its death. Surely in that are signs for a people who understand" (4).

بيان: في الكافي قد جعل اللّٰه ذلك دليلا أي كلا من الآيات المذكورة سابقا أو لاحقا و قوله تعالى وَ سَخَّرَ لَكُمُ أي هيأها لمنافعكم و مُسَخَّراتٌ بالنصب حال عن الجميع أي نفعكم بها حال كونها مسخرات لله خلقها و دبرها كيف شاء و قرأ

Elucidation: in al-Kafi, "God has made that an indication" — that is, each of the signs mentioned before or after. And His words, exalted be He, "and He has made subject to you" — that is, He prepared them for your benefits. And "made subject", in the accusative, is a circumstantial expression of the whole — that is, He benefited you by them while they are made subject to God, who created them and governed them as He willed. And there read